Carbazole-based compound and organic light emitting device including the same

ABSTRACT

Provided are a carbazole-based compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same. The carbazole-based compound may have the following general structure: 
                         
wherein details and examples of L 1  through L 6 , R 1  through R 6 , a 1  through a 6 , and b 1  through b 6  are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0008889, filed on Jan. 25, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments relate to a carbazole-based compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices are self-emission devices and have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent brightness, driving voltage, and response speed characteristics, and produce full-color images.

An example of such organic light-emitting devices may include a first electrode disposed on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode, which are sequentially disposed on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transition from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.

SUMMARY

One or more embodiments include a novel carbazole-based compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

According to one or more embodiments, there is provided a carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1:

wherein, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B,

X₁ may be selected from P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b1)], P(═S)[(L₁₂)_(a12)-(R₁₂)_(b12)], S(═O), and S(═O)₂,

ring A₁ to ring A₄ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group and a C₂-C₃₀ heterocyclic group,

L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

a1 to a6, a11, and a12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3 wherein, when a1 is two or more, two or more L₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a2 is two or more, two or more L₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a3 is two or more, two or more L₃(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a4 is two or more, two or more L₄(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a5 is two or more, two or more L₅(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a6 is two or more, two or more L₆(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a11 is two or more, two or more L₁₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a12 is two or more, two or more L₁₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b1 to b6, b11, b12, b20, b30, b40, and b50 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3, wherein, when 131 is two or more, two or more R₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b2 is two or more, two or more R₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b3 is two or more, two or more R₃(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b4 is two or more, two or more R₄(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b5 is two or more, two or more R₅(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b6 is two or more, two or more R₆(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b11 is two or more, two or more R₁₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b12 is two or more, two or more R₁₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b20 is two or more, two or more R₂₀(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b30 is two or more, two or more R₃₀(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b40 is two or more, two or more R₄₀(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b50 is two or more, two or more R₅₀(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ may be a group represented by Formula 2A, and at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ may be a group represented by Formula 2B,

at least one substituent selected from the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.

According to one or more embodiments, there is provided an organic light-emitting device including: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer that is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer, wherein the organic layer includes at least one of the carbazole-based compound described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with FIGS. 1, 2, 3, and 4, which are each a schematic diagram of a structure of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

According to an aspect of embodiments, a carbazole-based compound is represented by Formula 1:

wherein X₁ in Formula 2B may be selected from P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b1)], P(═S)[(L₁₂)_(a12)-(R₁₂)_(b12)], S(═O), and S(═O)₂. Here, L₁₁, L₁₂, a11, a12, R₁₁, R₁₂, b11, and b12 may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification.

X₁ in Formula 2B may be a divalent group in which a central element (e.g., P or S) is bound to each of neighboring carbon atoms, wherein the central element is further bound to (═O), (═S), (═O)₂, [(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b11)], or [(L₁₂)_(a12)-(R₁₂)_(b12)].

In an embodiment, X₁ in Formula 2B may be P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b1)], but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 2A, ring A₁ and ring A₂ may each independently be fused with a neighboring 5-membered ring by sharing a carbon atom therebetween. In Formula 2B, ring A₃ and ring A₄ may each independently be fused with a neighboring 6-membered ring by sharing a carbon atom therebetween.

In Formulae 2A and 2B, ring A₁ to ring A₄ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group and a C₂-C₃₀ heterocyclic group.

For example, in Formulae 2A and 2B, ring A₁ to ring A₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, and a quinazoline group. In an embodiment, in Formulae 2A and 2B, ring A₁ to ring A₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene group and a pyridine group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a benzocarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a benzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-1 to 3-41:

In Formulae 3-1 to 3-41,

Y₁ may be O, S, C(Z₃)(Z₄), N(Z₅), or Si(Z₆)(Z₇),

Z₁ to Z₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group,

d2 may be an integer selected from 0 to 2,

d3 may be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

d4 may be an integer selected from 0 to 4,

d5 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

d6 may be an integer selected from 0 to 6,

d8 may be an integer selected from 0 to 8, and

‘* and *’ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 4-1 to 4-41:

In Formulae 4-1 to 4-41, ‘* and *’ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, a1 to a6, a11, and a12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3, wherein a1 indicates the number of L₁(s) in Formula 1. When a1 is 0, *-(L₁)_(a1)-*′ may be a single bond. When a1 is two or more, two or more L₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other. a2 to a6, a11, and a12 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with a1 and the structures of Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, a1 to a6, a11, and a12 may each independently be 0 or 1.

In Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group (substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group), a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group (substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂).

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃).

In various embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B,

R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ may each independently be selected from:

a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, and a hydrazono group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, and groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80,

R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃) (wherein Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group):

In an embodiment, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-80,

Y₃₁ may be O, S, C(Z₃₃)(Z₃₄), N(Z₃₅), or Si(Z₃₆)(Z₃₇),

Z₃₁ to Z₃₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a triazinyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group,

e3 may be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

e4 may be an integer selected from 0 to 4,

e5 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

e6 may be an integer selected from 0 to 6,

e7 may be an integer selected from 0 to 7,

e8 may be an integer selected from 0 to 8,

e9 may be an integer selected from 0 to 9, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In various embodiments, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35, and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, and

R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35, groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃) (wherein Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group):

In Formulae 6-1 to 6-35 and Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, b1 to b6, b11, b12, b20, b30, b40, and b50 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3, wherein b1 indicates the number of R₁(s) in Formula 1. When b1 is two or more, two or more R₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other. b2 to b6, b11, b12, b20, b30, b40, and b50 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with b1 and the structures of Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B.

In an embodiment, b1 to b6, b11, b12, b20, b30, b40, and b50 may each independently be 0 or 1.

In Formula 1, at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ may be a group represented by Formula 2A, and at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ may be a group represented by Formula 2B.

That is, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may simultaneously include a group represented by Formula 2A and a group represented by Formula 2B.

In an embodiment, in Formula 1, one or two selected from R₁ to R₆ may each independently be a group represented by Formula 2A, and one selected from R₁ to R₆ may be a group represented by Formula 2B.

In various embodiments, in Formula 1, R₁ may be a group represented by Formula 2B and R₄ may be a group represented by Formula 2A; R₁ may be a group represented by Formula 2B and R₃ may be a group represented by Formula 2A; or R₁ may be a group represented by Formula 2B and R₃ and R₅ may each independently be a group represented by Formula 2A. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, the group represented by Formula 2A may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-5, and the group represented by Formula 2B may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-5:

In Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-5 and Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-5,

X₁ may be the same as defined herein in the present specification,

R₂₁ to R₂₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₂₀,

R₃₁ to R₃₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₃₀,

R₄₁ to R₄₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₄₀, and

R₅₁ to R₅₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₅₀.

In an embodiment, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by one selected from Formulae 1-1 to 1-3:

In Formulae 1-1 to 1-3, X₁, ring A₁ to ring A₄, L₁ to L₆, a1 to a6, a11, a12, R₂ to R₆, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, R₆₀, b2 to b6, b20, b30, b40, and b50 may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification,

ring A_(1a) and ring A_(1b) may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with ring A₁,

ring A_(2a) and ring A_(2b) may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with ring A₂,

R_(20a) and R_(20b) may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₂₀,

ba20 and bb20 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with b20,

R_(30a) and R_(30b) may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₃₀, and

ba30 and bb30 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with b30.

For example, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-3,

X₁ may be P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b11)],

ring A₁ to ring A₄, ring A_(1a), ring A_(1b), ring A_(2a), and ring A_(2b) may each independently be selected from a benzene group and a pyridine group,

L₁ to L₆ and L₁₁ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-1 to 3-41 (e.g., groups represented by Formulae 4-1 to Formula 4-41),

a1 to a6 and a11 may each independently be 0 or 1,

R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ may each independently be selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, and groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80 (e.g., groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35 and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129),

R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, R₅₀, R_(20a), R_(20b), R_(30a), and R_(30b) may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80 (e.g., groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35 and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129), and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃) (wherein Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group), and

b2 to b6, b20, b30, b40, b50, ba20, bb20, ba30, and bb30 may each independently be 0 or 1.

In an embodiment, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be one selected from Compounds 1 to 23:

The carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be an amphoteric compound, and thus may simultaneously include moiety A and moiety B as shown in Formula 1-1′. In this regard, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may exhibit excellent hole injection characteristics and electron injection characteristics. In addition, due to a sufficiently high triplet energy level of the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1, an electronic device, such as an organic light-emitting device, including the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may exhibit high efficiency and long lifespan:

The carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be synthesized by using a known organic synthetic method. A synthesis method of the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the following embodiments.

At least one of the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be used between a pair of electrodes of an organic light-emitting device. For example, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in an emission layer. In one or more embodiments, the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 may be used as a material for a capping layer located outside a pair of electrodes of an organic light-emitting device.

According to another aspect of embodiments, an organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the organic layer including an emission layer and at least one carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 described above.

The expression “(an organic layer) includes at least one carbazole-based compound” used herein may include a case in which “(an organic layer) includes identical carbazole-based compounds represented by Formula 1” and a case in which “(an organic layer) includes two or more different carbazole-based compounds represented by Formula 1”.

For example, the organic layer may include, as the carbazole-based compound, only Compound 1. In this regard, Compound 1 may exist in an emission layer of the organic light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the organic layer may include, as the carbazole-based compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may exist in an identical layer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may all exist in an emission layer), or different layers (for example, Compound 1 may exist in a hole transport layer and Compound 2 may exist in an emission layer).

The organic layer includes i) a hole transport region that is disposed between the first electrode (i.e., an anode) and the emission layer and includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, and an electron blocking layer, and ii) an electron transport region that is disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode (i.e., a cathode) and includes at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer. At least one selected from the hole transport region and the emission layer may include at least one of the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1. For example, the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device may include at least one of the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1. The carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1 included in the emission layer may act as a host, and the emission layer may further include a dopant. The dopant may be a phosphorescent dopant or a fluorescent dopant. In an embodiment, the dopant may be a phosphorescent dopant.

The organic light-emitting device may further include at least one selected from a first capping layer disposed in a pathway along which light generated in an emission layer proceeds toward outside through the first electrode and a second capping layer disposed in a pathway along which light generated in an emission layer proceeds toward outside through the second electrode, and the at least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include at least one of the carbazole-based compounds.

For example, the organic light-emitting device may have i) a stack structure including a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode, and a second capping layer which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, ii) a stack structure including a first capping layer, a first electrode, an organic layer, and a second electrode which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or iii) a stack structure including a first capping layer, a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode, and a second capping layer which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, and at least one selected from the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include the carbazole-based compound.

The term “organic layer” used herein may refer to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode of the organic light-emitting device. A material included in the “organic layer” is not limited to an organic material.

[Description of FIG. 1]

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a second electrode 190.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment will be described in connection with FIG. 1. [First electrode 110]

In FIG. 1, a substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may be a glass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water-resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto. When the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combination thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 110 is not limited thereto.

[Organic Layer 150]

The organic layer 150 may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.

The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.

[Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150]

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one layer selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and a electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or a multi-layered structure having a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110 in this stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may further include at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (Pani/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (Pani/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O-′, *—S—*I, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

xa5 may be an integer selected from 1 to 10, and

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be connected to each other via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In various embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In various embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In various embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification.

In various embodiments, in Formula 201, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ may be selected from:

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may be connected to each other via a single bond and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may be connected to each other via a single bond.

In various embodiments, in Formula 202, at least one selected from R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ may be selected from:

a carbazolyl group; and

a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A:

In an embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In various embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In an embodiment, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A:

In various embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification,

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₂₀₃, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group

substituted a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT39, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within any of these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and thus, the light-emission efficiency of a formed organic light-emitting device may be improved. The electron blocking layer may block injection of electrons from the electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials described above.

[P-Dopant]

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from:

a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ),

a metal oxide, such as a tungsten oxide and a molybdenum oxide;

a cyano group-containing compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), and

a compound represented by Formula 221, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In Formula 221, R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least one selected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may include at least one substituent selected from a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Cl, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with Br, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I. [Emission layer in organic layer 150]

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure including a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, or may include a red-light emission material, a green-light emission material, and a blue-light emission material, which are mixed with each other in a single layer, to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include at least one selected from a phosphorescent dopant and a fluorescent dopant.

The emission layer may include the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1.

An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be, in general, in a range of about 0.01 to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host, but is not limited thereto.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within any of these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[Host in Emission Layer]

The host may include the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1.

In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301: [Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀]_(xb21).  <Formula 301>

In Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂),

xb21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5, and

Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, in Formula 301, Ar₃₀₁ may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group; and

a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 301, when xb11 is two or more, two or more Ar₃₀₁(s) may be connected to each other via a single bond.

In various embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 may be represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2:

In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a furan group, a benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a naphthofuran group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a dinaphthofuran group, a thiophene group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a naphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, and a dinaphthothiophene group,

X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],

R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification,

L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with L₃₀₁,

xb2 to xb4 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with xb1, and

R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₃₀₁.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium. —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification.

In various embodiments, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group. —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification.

In an embodiment, the host may include an alkaline-earth metal complex. For example, the host may be selected from a bellium (Be) complex (for example, Compound H55), a Mg complex, and Zn complex.

The host may include at least one selected from 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55, but is not limited thereto:

[Phosphorescent Dopant Included in Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150]

The phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401:

In Formulae 401 and 402,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),

L₄₀₁ may be selected from a ligand represented by Formula 402,

xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₁(S) may be identical to or different from each other,

L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand,

xc2 may be an integer selected from 0 to 4, wherein, when xc2 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be connected to each other via a single bond or a double bond, and X₄₀₂ and X₄₀₄ may be connected to each other via a single bond or a double bond,

A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*I, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C(Q₄₁₁)=′, wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group,

X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,

R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group,

xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10, and

in Formula 402, * and *′ each independently indicate a binding site to M of Formula 401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an isobenzothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each be nitrogen at the same time.

In various embodiments, in Formula 402, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, and a norbornenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), and

Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 401, when xc1 is two or more, two A₄₀₁(s) among two or more L₄₀₁(s) may be optionally connected to each other through X₄₀₇, which is a linking group, or two A₄₀₂(s) among two or more L₄₀₁(S) may be optionally connected to each other through X₄₀₈, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*I, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*,′ or *—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-*′ (wherein Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group), but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 401, L₄₀₂ may be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from a halogen ligand, a diketone ligand (e.g., acetylacetonate), a carboxylic acid ligand (e.g., picolinate), —C(═O), an isonitrile ligand, —CN, and a phosphorus ligand (e.g., phosphine and phosphite), but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be, for example, selected from Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

[Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer]

The fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

In Formula 501,

Ar₅₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted O—C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xd4 may be an integer selected from 1 to 6.

In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar₅₀₁ may be selected from:

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, and an indenoanthracene group; and

a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, and an indenoanthracene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 501, L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 501, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In various embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from the compounds below, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

[Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150]

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include at least one layer selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure are sequentially stacked on the emission layer in these stated orders, but embodiments of the structure of the electron transport region are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound containing at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” indicates a C1-C60 heterocyclic group including at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which two or more 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety are condensed with each other, or iii)) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one 5-membered to 7-membered hetero monocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety is condensed with at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Non-limiting examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring may include an imidazole, a pyrazole, a thiazole, an isothiazole, an oxazole, an isoxazole, a pyridine, a pyrazine, a pyrimidine, a pyridazine, an indazole, a purine, a quinoline, an isoquinoline, a benzoquinoline, a phthalazine, a naphthyridine, a quinoxaline, a quinazoline, a cinnoline, a phenanthridine, an acridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, a benzimidazole, an isobenzothiazole, a benzoxazole, an isobenzoxazole, a triazole, a tetrazole, an oxadiazole, a triazine, thiadiazol, an imidazopyridine, an imidazopyrimidine, and an azacarbazole, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601: [Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21).  <Formula 601>

In Formula 601,

Ar₆₀₁ may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xe1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₀₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),

Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and

xe21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, at least one selected from xe11 Ar₆₀₁(s) and at least one selected from xe21 R₆₀₁(s) may include the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring as described above.

In an embodiment, in Formula 601, ring Ar₆₀₁ may be selected from:

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazol group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group; and

a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, spiro-

a fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an isobenzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazol group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and an azacarbazole group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In Formula 601, when xe11 is two or more, two or more Ar₆₀₁(s) may be connected to each other via a single bond.

In various embodiments, Formula 601, Ar₆₀₁ may be an anthracene group.

In various embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:

In Formula 601-1,

X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), and X₆₁₆ may be N or C(R₆₁₆), wherein at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be nitrogen,

L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with L₆₀₁,

xe611 to xe613 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with xe1,

R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with R₆₀₁, and

R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a benzimidazolylene group, an isobenzothiazolylene group, a benzoxazolylene group, an isobenzoxazolylene group, a triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In various embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, 8601 and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group;

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an azacarbazolyl group; and

—S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂), and

Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ may each independently be the same as defined herein in the present specification.

In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In various embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq₃, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), and NTAZ:

Thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, and the electron control layer are within any of these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics and/or electron control characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within any of these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (e.g., an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from an alkali metal complex and an alkaline earth metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a lithium (Li) ion, a sodium (Na) ion, a potassium (K) ion, a rubidium (Rb), and a cesium (Cs) ion, and the alkaline earth metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a strontium (Sr) ion, and a barium (Ba) ion. Each ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth metal complex may independently be selected from a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyl oxazole, a hydroxyphenyl thiazole, a hydroxydiphenylan oxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazol, a hydroxyphenyl pyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) and/or ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include at least one selected from an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, and a rare earth metal complex.

The alkali metal may be selected from Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be K, Rb, or Cs, and in various embodiments, the alkali metal may be Rb or Cs. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), ytterbium (Yb), gadolinium (Gd), and terbium (Tb).

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may be respectively selected from oxides and halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and/or iodines) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxide, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, and K₂O and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI. In an embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and KI, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (wherein 0<x<1), and Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (wherein 0<x<1). In an embodiment, the alkaline earth metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, ScO₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may each include an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, and a rare earth metal ion as described above, respectively, and each ligand coordinated with a metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may independently be selected from a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyl oxazole, a hydroxyphenyl thiazole, a hydroxydiphenyl oxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenyl thiadiazol, a hydroxyphenyl pyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, and a cyclopentadiene, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may consist of a reducing dopant described above alone, or may include a reducing dopant and an organic material. When the electron injection layer includes a reducing dopant and an organic material, the reducing dopant may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix consisting of the organic material.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is any of these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage. [Second electrode 190]

The second electrode 190 may be disposed on the organic layer 150. The second electrode 190 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and in this regard, a material for forming the second electrode 190 may be selected from a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof, which have a relatively low work function.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from Mg, Al, Al—Li, Ca, Mg—In, Mg—Ag, ITO, and IZO, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

[Description of FIGS. 2 to 4]

An organic light-emitting device 20 of FIG. 2 includes a first capping layer 210, a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and second electrode 190, which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, an organic light-emitting device 30 of FIG. 3 includes a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, a second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220, which are sequentially stacked in this stated order, and an organic light-emitting device 40 of FIG. 4 includes a first capping layer 210, a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, a second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220, which are sequentially stacked in this stated order.

Regarding FIGS. 2 to 4, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 may each independently be understood by referring to the description provided herein in connection with FIG. 1.

In the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 20 and 40, light generated in the emission layer may pass through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer 210 toward the outside, and in the organic layer 150 of each of the organic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light generated in the emission layer may pass through the second electrode 190, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer 220 toward the outside.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may increase external luminescent efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may include at least one material selected from a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine-based compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkaline metal complex, and an alkaline earth-based complex. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing at least one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I

In an embodiment, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may include an amine-based compound.

In various embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may include the compound represented by Formula 201 or the compound represented by Formula 202.

In various embodiments, at least one selected from the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compounds CP1 to CP5, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

The first capping layer 210 of FIG. 2 and the second capping layer 220 of FIG. 3 may each independently include the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1.

At least one selected from the first capping layer 210 of FIG. 4 and the second capping layer 220 of FIG. 4 may include the carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment has been described in connection with FIGS. 1 to 4. However, embodiments are not limited thereto.

The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region may each be formed in a specific region using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser induced thermal imaging (LITI).

When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region are each formed by vacuum deposition, for example, the vacuum deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., at a vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁸ to about 10⁻³ torr, and at a deposition rate of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on the compound to be included in each layer, and the intended structure of each layer.

When the layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region are each formed by spin coating, for example, the spin coating may be performed at a coating rate of about 2,000 rpm to about 5,000 rpm, and at a temperature of about 80° C. to 200° C., depending on the compound to be included in each layer, and the intended structure of each layer.

[General Definition of Substituents]

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a linear or branched monovalent aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a ter-butyl group, a pentyl group, an iso-amyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at one or more positions along the hydrocarbon chain of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group (e.g., in the middle and/or at either terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at one or more positions along the hydrocarbon chain of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group (e.g., in the middle and/or at either terminus of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropoxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group,” as used herein may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent saturated monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof, and does not have aromaticity. Non-limiting examples of the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group.” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in its ring. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group having an aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having an aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused to each other.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and the term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group represented by —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group that has two or more rings fused each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms (e.g., 8 to 60 carbon atoms), and non-aromaticity in the entire molecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group is a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a monovalent group that has two or more rings fused to each other, has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as ring-forming atoms, and has non-aromaticity in the entire molecular structure. A non-limiting example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group includes a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic hetero-condensed polycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms (e.g., 5 to 60 carbon atoms). The C₅-C₆₀ cyclic group may be a carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a ring same as a benzene, a monovalent group such as a phenyl group, or a divalent group such as a phenylene group. In various embodiments, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent quadrant group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,” as used herein, may refer to a group having the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, but including at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, other than carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as ring-forming atoms.

At least one substituent selected from the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂),

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), and

—Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The expression “Ph” used herein may refer to a phenyl group, the expression “Me” used herein may refer to a methyl group, the expression “Et” used herein may refer to an ethyl group, the expression “ter-Bu” or “But” used herein may refer to a tert-butyl group, and the expression “OMe” used herein may refer to a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group,” as used herein, may refer to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group”. In other words, a biphenyl group is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group,” as used herein, may refer to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. In other words, a terphenyl group is a substituted phenyl group having a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with another C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, as a substituent.

The symbols * and *′ used herein, unless defined otherwise, refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, a compound and an organic light-emitting device according one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The expression “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples may refer to an identical number of molar equivalents of A being used in place of molar equivalents of B.

EXAMPLES Synthesis Examples Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

Compound 1 was synthesized according to Reaction Scheme 1:

Synthesis of Intermediate 1-1

A mixture of starting material 1 (22.8 g, 132.5 mmol), 2-bromoiodobenzene (46.85 g, 165.6 mmol), NatOBu (17.8 g, 185.2 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (6.07 g, 6.6 mmol), DPPF (10.82 g, 13.2 mmol), and anhydrous toluene (300 ml) was heated under reflux at a temperature of 120° C. for 10 hours. After the reaction mixture solution was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite, the organic solvent was removed therefrom and the resultant reaction mixture was separated by column using n-hexane, thereby completing the preparation of Intermediate 1-1 (35.5 g, 82%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, ppm): δ=7.63 (d, 2H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), ¹³C NMR (CD₂Cl₂, ppm): δ=140.02, 133.18, 128.21, 122.67, 118.11, 114.20.

Synthesis of Intermediate 1-2

Intermediate 1-1 (7.47 g, 22.8 mmol), 9,9′-(5-iodo-1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole) (13.36 g, 25 mmol), 18-crown-6 (0.79 g, 3 mmol), K₂CO₃ (8.29 g, 60 mmol), and CuI (1.14 g, 6 mmol) were dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene (80 ml), followed by being stirred at a temperature of 180° C. for 48 hours. The resultant reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, followed by being distilled under a reduced pressure to remove the reaction solvent. The obtained reaction mixture was dissolved in EtOAc, and the mixed solution was filtered through Celite. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water. An organic layer collected therefrom was evaporated under reduced pressure, followed by being separated by column using n-hexane:dichloromethane (4:1), thereby completing the preparation of Intermediate 1-2 (5.02 g, 30%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR and MS/FAB.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, ppm): δ=8.29 (d, 4H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, 2H), 7.74 (d, 4H), 7.67-7.60 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.48 (m, 7H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 4H), Mass (EI, m/z): 733 [M+2].

Synthesis of Compound 1

Intermediate 1-2 (3.5 g, 4.77 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (70 ml), and a temperature at which the reaction occurs was dropped to −78° C. While maintaining the reaction temperature at −78° C., n-BuLi (4.2 ml, 10.5 mmol, 2.5M in hexane) was slowly added to the reaction mixture drop by drop, and at the same reaction temperature, the reaction solution was stirred for 1 hour. A solution in which dichlorophenylphosphine (0.94 g, 5.25 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5 ml) was added to the resultant reaction mixture drop by drop, followed by being stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water. An organic layer collected therefrom was evaporated under reduced pressure, and a purification process was no longer performed thereon. The obtained compound was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml), and H₂O₂ (5 ml) was added thereto, followed by being stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water, followed by being separated by column using n-hexane: THF (3:1), thereby completing preparation of Compound 1 (1.02 g, 31%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and MS/FAB.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz, ppm): δ=8.27 (d, 4H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 8.07 (d, 2H), 7.72 (d, 4H), 7.68-7.61 (m, 6H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 5H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 2H), ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75 MHz, ppm): δ=143.7, 142.1, 141.8, 140.8, 135.6, 134.1, 134.0, 132.4, 132.0, 129.8, 128.8, 128.4, 127.6, 124.2, 123.8, 123.4, 120.4, 119.7, 110.0, 108.7, 97.8. Mass (EI, m/z): 697.

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 5

Compound 5 was synthesized according to Reaction Scheme 2:

Synthesis of Intermediate 2-1

A mixture of starting material 2 (22.8 g, 132.5 mmol), 2-bromoiodobenzene (46.85 g, 165.6 mmol), NatOBu (17.8 g, 185.2 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (6.07 g, 6.6 mmol), DPPF (10.82 g, 13.2 mmol), and anhydrous toluene (300 ml) was heated under reflux at a temperature of 120° C. for 10 hours. After the reaction mixture solution was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite, the organic solvent was removed therefrom and the resultant reaction mixture was separated by column using n-hexane, thereby completing the preparation of Intermediate 2-1 (35.5 g, 82%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.

H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, ppm): δ=7.63 (d, 2H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 2H), 6.94-6.88 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), ¹³C NMR (CD₂Cl₂, ppm): δ=140.02, 133.18, 128.21, 122.67, 118.11, 114.20.

Synthesis of Intermediate 2-2

Intermediate 2-1 (3.58 g, 10.93 mmol), 9-(4-iodophenyl)-9H-carbazole (11.08 g, 30 mmol), 18-crown-6 (0.40 g, 1.5 mmol), K₂CO₃ (4.14 g, 30 mmol), and CuI (0.57 g, 3 mmol) were dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene (50 ml), followed by being stirred at a temperature of 180° C. for 32 hours. The resultant reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, followed by being distilled under a reduced pressure to remove the reaction solvent. The obtained reaction mixture was dissolved in EtOAc, and the mixed solution was filtered through Celite. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water. An organic layer collected therefrom was evaporated under reduced pressure, followed by being separated by column using n-hexane:dichloromethane (4:1), thereby completing the preparation of Intermediate 2-2 (1.99 g, 32%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR and MS/FAB.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, ppm): δ=8.23 (d, 2H), 7.77 (d, 2H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 6H), 7.39-7.21 (m, 8H), 6.80 (d, 2H), Mass (EI, m/z): 568 [M+2].

Synthesis of Compound 5

Intermediate 2-2 (2.0 g, 3.52 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (50 ml), and a temperature at which the reaction occurs was dropped to −78° C. While maintaining the reaction temperature at −78° C., n-BuLi (3.1 ml, 7.75 mmol, 2.5M in hexane) was slowly added to the reaction mixture drop by drop, and at the same reaction temperature, the reaction solution was stirred for 1 hour. A solution in which dichlorophenylphosphine (0.64 g, 3.55 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5 ml) was added to the resultant reaction mixture drop by drop, followed by being stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water. An organic layer collected therefrom was evaporated under reduced pressure, and a purification process was no longer performed thereon. The obtained compound was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml), and H₂O₂ (5 ml) was added thereto, followed by being stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. An extraction process was performed thereon to extract EtOAc, and the product was washed with distilled water, followed by being separated by column using n-hexane: THF (3:1), thereby completing preparation of Compound 5 (0.54 g, 29%). The obtained compound was identified using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and MS/FAB.

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz, ppm): δ=8.23 (d, 2H), 7.51-7.25 (m, 15H), 7.20-7.05 (m, 8H), ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 75 MHz, ppm): δ=143.8, 140.2, 139.6, 134.5, 133.5, 133.2, 131.4, 129.4, 128.4, 128.1, 127.4, 126.4, 124.4, 124.1, 120.3, 124.1, 109.8. Mass (EI, m/z): 532.

Example 1

As a substrate and an anode, an ITO glass substrate (a product of Corning Co., Ltd) having a thickness of 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated by using isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, and cleaned by the exposure to ultraviolet rays for 30 minutes, and then ozone, and the resulting ITO glass substrate was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

2-TNATA was vacuum deposited on the ITO anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 700 Å, and then, NPB was vacuum deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 100 Å.

Then, Compound 1 (as a host) and PD17 (as a dopant) were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 90:10 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

Alq₃ was deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, and Al vacuum deposited on the electron transport layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 1,200 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device:

Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2

Organic light-emitting devices were each manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that compounds listed in Table 1 were used as hosts in forming the emission layer.

Evaluation Example

Driving voltage, efficiency, and color coordinates of each of the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were measured by using a Kethley SMU 236 (600 nit), and results thereof are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Host in Driving Efficiency Color emission layer voltage (V) (cd/A) coordinates Example 1 Compound 1 6.1 10.8 (0.195, 0.318) Example 2 Compound 2 6.2 9.7 (0.191, 0.315) Comparative CBP 7.8 4.0 (0.189, 0.311) Example 1 Comparative Compound A 6.7 2.8 (0.189, 0.307) Example 2

Referring to Table 1, it was confirmed that the organic light-emitting devices of Examples 1 and 2 exhibited low driving voltage and high efficiency, compared to those of the organic light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 and 2.

As described above, an organic light-emitting device including a carbazole-based compound exhibits low driving voltage and high efficiency.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims 

What is claimed is:
 1. A carbazole-based compound represented by Formula 1:

wherein, in Formulae 1, 2A, and 2B, X₁ is selected from P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b11)], P(═S)[(L₁₂)_(a12)-(R₁₂)_(b12)], and S(═O), ring A₁ to ring A₄ are each independently selected from a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group and a C₂-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a1 to a6, a11, and a12 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 3, wherein, when a1 is two or more, two or more L₁(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a2 is two or more, two or more L₂(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a3 is two or more, two or more L₃(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a4 is two or more, two or more L₄(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a5 is two or more, two or more L₅(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a6 is two or more, two or more L₆(s) are identical to or different from each other, when a11 is two or more, two or more L₁₁(s) are identical to or different from each other, and when a12 is two or more, two or more L₁₂(s) are identical to or different from each other, R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ are each independently selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group(substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group), a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group(substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group), —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), b1 to b6, b11, b12, b20, b30, b40, and b50 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 3, wherein, when b1 is two or more, two or more R₁(s) are identical t or different from each other, when b1 is zero, (L₁)_(a1) is a hydrogen atom, when b2 is two or more, two or more R₂(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b2 is zero, (L₂)_(a2) is a hydrogen atom, when b3 is two or more, two or more R₃(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b3 is zero, (R₃)_(b3) is a hydrogen atom, when b4 is two or more, two or more R₄(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b4 is zero, (R₄)_(b4) is a hydrogen atom, when b5 is two or more, two or more R₅(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b5 is zero, (R₅)_(b5) is a hydrogen atom, when b6 is two or more, two or more R₆(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b6 is zero, (R₆)_(b6) is a hydrogen atom, when b11 is two or more, two or more R₁₁(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b12 is two or more, two or more R₁₂(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b20 is two or more, two or more R₂₀(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b20 is zero, (R₂₀)_(b20) is a hydrogen atom, when b30 is two or more, two or more R₃₀(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b30 is zero, (R₃₀)_(b30) is a hydrogen atom, when b40 is two or more, two or more R₄₀(s) are identical to or different from each other, when b40 is zero, (R₄₀)_(b40) is a hydrogen atom, when b50 is two or more, two or more R₅₀(s) are identical to or different from each other, and when b50 is zero, (R₅₀)_(b50) is a hydrogen atom, wherein at least one of b1 and b2 is zero; at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ is a group represented by Formula 2A, and at least one selected from R₁ to R₆ is a group represented by Formula 2B, when all of a1 to a6 are 0, both b20 and b30 are 0 and at least one of b1 to b6 is 0, at least one substituent selected from the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group.
 2. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein X₁ is P(═O)[(L₁₁)_(a11)-(R₁₁)_(b11)].
 3. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein ring A₁ to ring A₄ are each independently selected from a benzene group and a pyridine group.
 4. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ are each independently selected from: a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a benzocarbazolylene group; and a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, and a benzocarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.
 5. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ are each independently selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-1 to 3-41:

wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-41, Y₁ is O, S, C(Z₃)(Z₄), N(Z₅), or Si(Z₆)(Z₇), Z₁ to Z₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a triazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, d2 is an integer selected from 0 to 2, d3 is an integer selected from 0 to 3, d4 is an integer selected from 0 to 4, d5 is an integer selected from 0 to 5, d6 is an integer selected from 0 to 6, d8 is an integer selected from 0 to 8, and ‘* and *’ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 6. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein L₁ to L₆, L₁₁, and L₁₂ are selected from groups represented by Formulae 4-1 to 4-41:

wherein, in Formulae 4-1 to 4-41, ‘* and *’ each independently indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 7. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein a1 to a6, a11, and a12 are each independently 0 or
 1. 8. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ are each independently selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃).
 9. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are each independently selected from: a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group; and a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ are each independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, and a hydrazono group; a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group; a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, and a dibenzosilolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃); and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.
 10. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are each independently selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, and groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, groups represented by Formulae 5-1 to 5-80, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group:

wherein, in Formulae 5-1 to 5-80, Y₃₁ is O, S, C(Z₃₃)(Z₃₄), N(Z₃₅), or Si(Z₃₆)(Z₃₇), Z₃₁ to Z₃₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a triazinyl group, —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, e3 is an integer selected from 0 to 3, e4 is an integer selected from 0 to 4, e5 is an integer selected from 0 to 5, e6 is an integer selected from 0 to 6, e7 is an integer selected from 0 to 7, e8 is an integer selected from 0 to 8, e9 is an integer selected from 0 to 9, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 11. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ to R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are each independently selected from a group represented by Formula 2A, a group represented by Formula 2B, groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35, and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, and R₅₀ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-35, groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group:

wherein, in Formulae 6-1 to 6-35 and Formulae 10-1 to 10-129, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.
 12. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein one or two selected from R₁ to R₆ are each independently a group represented by Formula 2A, and one selected from R₁ to R₆ is a group represented by Formula 2B.
 13. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein the group represented by Formula 2A is selected from groups represented by Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-5, and the group represented by Formula 2B is selected from groups represented by Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-5:

wherein, in Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-5 and Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-5, X₁ is the same as defined in claim 1, R₂₁ to R₂₄ are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₂₀ in claim 1, R₃₁ to R₃₄ are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₃₀ in claim 1, R₄₁ to R₄₄ are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₄₀ in claim 1, and R₅₁ to R₅₄ are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₅₀ in claim
 1. 14. The carbazole-based compound of claim 1, wherein the carbazole-based compound is represented by one selected from Formulae 1-1 to 1-3:

wherein, in Formulae 1-1 to 1-3, X₁, ring A₁ to ring A₄, L₁ to L₆, a1 to a6, a11, a12, R₂ to R₆, R₂₀, R₃₀, R₄₀, R₅₀, b2 to b6, b20, b30, b40, and b50 are each independently the same as defined in claim 1, ring A_(1a) and ring A_(1b) are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with ring A₁ in claim 1, ring A_(2a) and ring A_(2b) are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with ring A₂ in claim 1, R_(20a) and R_(20b) are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₂₀ in claim 1, ba20 and bb20 are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with b20 in claim 1, R_(30a) and R_(30b) are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with R₃₀ in claim 1, and ba30 and bb30 are each independently the same as defined herein in connection with b30 in claim
 1. 15. A carbazole-based compound, wherein the carbazole-based compound is one selected from Compounds 1 to 23:


16. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer that is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an emission layer, wherein the organic layer includes at least one of the carbazole-based compound of claim
 1. 17. The organic light-emitting device of claim 16, wherein the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, and the organic layer includes a hole transport region that is disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region that is disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode, wherein the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, and an electron blocking layer, and the electron transport region includes at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
 18. The organic light-emitting device of claim 17, wherein the emission layer includes the carbazole-based compound.
 19. The organic light-emitting device of claim 18, wherein the emission layer includes an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401:

wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402, M is selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm), L₄₀₁ is selected from a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 is 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₁(s) are identical to or different from each other, L₄₀₂ is an organic ligand, and xc2 is an integer selected from 0 to 4, wherein, when xc2 is two or more, two or more L₄₀₂(s) are identical to or different from each other, X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ are each independently nitrogen or carbon, X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ are connected to each other via a single bond or a double bond, and X₄₀₂ and X₄₀₄ are connected to each other via a single bond or double bond, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ are each independently a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, X₄₀₅ is a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, X₄₀₆ is a single bond, 0, or S, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, xc11 and xc12 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 10, and * and *′ in Formula 402 each independently indicate a binding site to M of Formula
 401. 20. The organic light-emitting device of claim 19, wherein an amount of the carbazole-based compound in the emission layer is greater than that of the organometallic complex in the emission layer. 